On the basis of relevant data from 31 cities in urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of Yangtze River from 2012 to 2021, a comprehensive evaluation index system has thus been constructed for urban resilience from four dimensions: economy, society, ecological environment, and infrastructure. By adopting the entropy weight method and geographic information system (GIS) technology, an analysis is made of the comprehensive level and spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of urban resilience, followed by an investigation of the spatial correlation network structure characteristics of resilience between cities by using social network analysis (SNA). Research has found that the resilience level is relatively stable for cities in urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of Yangtze River over a period of 10 years, while the average resilience tends to be relatively small; the resilience level of cities within urban agglomerations shows a core-to-the periphery differentiation trend, gradually forming a spatial development pattern of high resilience“leading cities”centered on Wuhan and Changsha, thus driving the surrounding secondary cities. There is a significant resilience correlation strength between cities, as well as a diversity in the status and role of cities in the network, with Wuhan becoming the“central leader”in the middle and lower reaches of the urban agglomeration network, and other cities acting as“intermediary bridges”or“marginalized role”.