Due to the rapid development of new energy vehicles, there is a continuous increase in demand for lithium batteries, resulting in a supply gap in the current available lithium resources and mining technologies in the future. In view of potential disruptions, system dynamics is employed for an investigation of the supply chain of new energy vehicle power batteries with disruption risks in the future, with three different degrees of disruption scenarios taken into consideration, while the dynamic impact of lithium ore supply interruption is quantified by using “inventory level”, “delivery order volume”, and “profit” as measurement indicators. The research results indicate that the node nearest to the disruption link will exert the earliest impact on the three indicators. When the disruption duration is excessively prolonged, there will be the most severe decline in the levels of “delivery order quantity” and “profit” at the end nodes of the supply chain. The disruption initially leads to an increase in the profit levels of downstream enterprises within the supply chain, but they are unable to return to their initial level for a long time when the disruption ends, while other indicators can recover on their own after time regulation.