In view of a study on the collision force and energy conversion process of typical bridges in Xiangjiang River Basin, so as to provide reference for the anti-collision design of follow-up bridges, taking Zhuzhou Jianning Bridge as the research background, with the models of cargo ships and piers established according to the actual size, and with a nonlinear dynamic simulation analysis carried out by using ABAQUS finite element software, a research has been conducted on the effects of ship impact speed, tonnage and impact angle on the impact force, as well as the relationship between ship deformation and energy transformation in ship-bridge collision. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the peak collision force and the ship speed; the larger the tonnage of the ship, the greater the peak impact force and the longer the impact time; there is no distinct pattern between the impact angle and the collision time. Ship impact speed, tonnage and impact angle are three influencing factors on the impact force and hull deformation of ship bridge collision, with ship speed and ship tonnage being the major ones. In the process of collision, the impact kinetic energy of the ship is basically transformed into plastic deformation energy, and the hull deformation is mainly concentrated in the bow collision area, without any obvious deformation in the hull far away from the collision area.