In view of a better understanding of the current situation and trend of productivity development of industrial enterprises in Anhui Province, a selection has been made of the panel data of production input of industrial enterprises above designated scale in Anhui Province from 2003 to 2018, followed by a calculation of the production efficiency of industrial enterprises in Anhui Province by using DEA-BCC model and Malmquist index method, thus finding out the factors affecting the production efficiency. The results show that，from 2003 to 2018, the pure technical efficiency index of industrial enterprises in Anhui Province shows a slow downward trend, while the technical efficiency, technological progress efficiency and scale efficiency indicators all show a slow upward trend; the scale of production investment and the index of technological progress both have a significant impact on the productivity of enterprises, and the change of technology efficiency index and technology change index fluctuate greatly, with a certain gap in industrial development among cities.