An evaluation index system of urban comprehensive ecological carrying capacity has been constructed from such three aspects as urban ecosystem supporting capacity, social and economic coordination capacity and human activity pressure; by adopting the combination weighting method and state space method, and with Zhuzhou City as the basic evaluation unit to evaluate the urban comprehensive ecological carrying capacity from 2007 to 2018, an inquiry has been made into the key factors affecting the regional comprehensive ecological carrying capacity. The results show that the overall comprehensive ecological carrying capacity of Zhuzhou City shows a slight fluctuation rising trend; from 2007 to 2010, the comprehensive ecological carrying capacity of Zhuzhou City is in an overloaded state, basically in a balanced state in 2011, while in a loadable state after 2012. The contribution of economic growth and population pressure fluctuated, resource consumption and environmental pollution fluctuated, land cover and resource supply experience an initial increase and a subsequent decrease, meanwhile the environmental governance, quality of life, technological progress and economic development show an overall upward trend. After 2011, the contribution of environmental governance to urban comprehensive ecological carrying capacity keeps dominant, with the pressure of population and economic growth on urban ecosystem greater than resource consumption and environmental pollution. Environmental governance, technological progress, economic development, environmental pollution and resource consumption will become the key factors to be restricting the comprehensive ecological carrying capacity of Zhuzhou City.