Based on the principle and method of system dynamics, Vensim-PLE software is used to establish and simulate the model of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province. With five scenarios set up, a dynamic simulation has been made of the evolution trend of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province from 2017 to 2030, so as to explore the impact of the rapid economic development, improvement of energy structure and optimization of industrial structure on energy and carbon emissions in Hunan Province in the future. The results show that, according to the current development trend, the total amount of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province will continue to grow year by year. By the year 2030, the total amount of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province will reach to 14 174.4×104 t, which is about 1.47 times of that amount in 2017. The rapid economic development has a significant impact on the increase of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province, with the reduction of coal energy consumption and adjustment of the transition from the secondary industry to the tertiary industry to effectively reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hunan Province. Under the five scenarios of initial natural growth, rapid economic development, energy structure adjustment, industrial structure adjustment, comprehensive regulation and adjustment, carbon emissions will increase by 47.3%, 57.7%, 40.4%, 27.7% and 21.9% respectively by 2030, compared with statistics in 2017. According to the statistics of energy consumption and carbon emissions simulated by the five scenarios, the industrial structure adjustment scheme will reach its peak in 2029 and the comprehensive regulation and adjustment scheme will reach its peak in 2027.