The research of the efficiency of modern logistics, one of basic industries in the six provinces in Central China, has guiding significance for the development of logistics industry. Therefore, it is imperative that the input and output index system of the logistics industry in the six provinces in Central China should be constructed, and the efficiency of logistics industry from 2011 to 2015 in these provinces should be analyzed and evaluated by using the DEA model. The research results show that the overall logistics efficiency in the above-mentioned provinces of China is relatively higher, with Hubei province, Hunan province, Henan province and Anhui province proving to be effective on DEA, Jiangxi province and Shanxi province excluded. Meanwhile, an analysis has been made of the factors which affect the logistics efficiency in the six provinces in Central China. It is found that the ownership of civilian trucks and regional GDPs have a greater impact on the logistics efficiency of the six provinces in Central China.