With the three representative residential forms of four villages in eastern Hunan as research objects, namely, the adobe house, brick house and reinforced concrete house, investigates and analyzes the indoor thermal environment condition of rural residence by means of questionnaire and temperature & humidity test. The temperature & humidity test and the thermal comfort questionnaire results indicate that the indoor thermal environment is generally poor in rural areas and the indoor thermal comfortable environment is only 16.7%, and it can not meet the comfort requirements. The analysis shows that the insulation performance of the residential building envelope is the key cause to indoor thermal environment, and the investment in the development of cheap and good insulation performance materials is suggested to improve the indoor thermal comfort of rural residential.