As a key driver of economic growth, new quality productivity is a new form of productive forces centered on technological innovation and integrated with new production factors. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system to measure new quality productivity from three dimensions: revolutionary technological breakthroughs, industrial upgrading and emerging industry development, and the adaptation of new production relations. To further verify the driving effect of new quality productivity on economic growth, adopt the double fixed-effects model, the panel data of 30 provinces in Chinese Mainland from 2012 to 2022 has been adopted for an empirical analysis. The research results indicate that new quality productivity exerts a significant positive impact on economic growth, thus making it a key force in promoting economic growth.