The debate between Jacobi and Mendelssohn over “who is the true Spinozist” centered on the question of how to interpret nature. By reconstructing the intellectual-historical context of the Spinozism Controversy, this study reveals a theoretical transition from the objective logic of “physical nature” to the aesthetic understanding of “psychological nature”, thereby constructing a dual foundational framework in which the two dimensions mutually ground one another. Within this framework, “physical nature” interprets nature as a progressive, hierarchical order of relationships among nature, environment, and organisms, pointing to the logical coherence of the objective material world and shaping nature into an organic whole. Meanwhile, “psychological nature” transforms the understanding of nature into an aesthetic perspective, forming the subject’s “aesthetic comprehension” of nature and asserting that nature’s very “imperfection” constitutes its beauty. This approach, which views nature through an aesthetic lens, defines the core domain of natural aesthetics. The interplay among aesthetics, natural philosophy, and phenomenological perspectives provide a theoretical paradigm for contemporary ecological aesthetics to reconstruct the aesthetic relationship between humanity and nature—one that integrates both objectivity and subjectivity.