After the founding of the Communist Party of China, it actively explored and practiced the leadership system of state-owned enterprises. During the revolutionary period, the Party successively established leadership systems such as the “tripartite group”, the factory affairs meeting and the “factory management committee” in the practice of leading and managing state-owned enterprises. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Party led the people of the whole country in socialist modernization drive and established the factory director responsibility system (i.e., “one-man management system”) as the leadership system of state-owned enterprises. Subsequently, in the context of “learning from the Soviet Union”, the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China replaced the “one-man management system” with the “factory director responsibility system under the leadership of the Party committee”, which later actually evolved into the “secretary one-man management system”. In 1961, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the Seventy Articles on Industry to rectify industrial management, which affirmed the Party’s core leadership role in state-owned enterprises, clearly defined the division of responsibilities between the Party Committee and the administrative department, and standardized the Party’s work procedures. The Party’s exploration and practice of the leadership system of state-owned enterprises in the above period have provided valuable historical experience and practical insights for China’s modernization today.