As the ecological cornerstone of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Xi Jinping’s Ecological Civilization Thought is deeply imbued with philosophical dialectics. From the perspective of ecological historicity, it elucidates the dialectical interdependence between ecology and civilization, affirming ecological civilization as an organic synthesis of environmental sustainability and social progress—a landmark achievement in human development. In ecological ontology, it emphasizes the dialectical unity between human-centered values and nature-based foundations, promoting harmonious symbiosis and co-building a planetary community of life. Regarding ecological teleology, it advocates dual pursuits of material ecological integrity and spiritual ecological enrichment, striving for their harmonious integration as civilizational objectives. Within ecological axiology, it innovatively redefines environmental protection as safeguarding productive forces and ecological improvement as enhancing them, encapsulating the dialectical unity of “lucid waters and lush mountains” (ecological assets) and “golden mountains and silver mountains” (economic prosperity). Pertaining to ecological methodology, it systematically balances holistic governance with elemental interventions through integrated management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, employing coordinated multi-scale strategies. A rigorous comprehension of these dialectical dimensions provides essential theoretical guidance for advancing ecological civilization construction in the new era.