In the process of exploring Chinese path to modernization, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative, setting out from the strategic goal of catching up with the world industrialization process, explored the way to realize the mutual support and interconnected development between industry and agriculture from the perspective of industrial relevance between industry and agriculture, i.e., agricultural modernization construction with industry as the forerunner, industrial system construction serving agricultural modernization, and agriculture providing agricultural products for industry. The theoretical and practical exploration is ground-breaking as it has constructed an industry-agriculture system in which the heavy industry, taken as the central task, drives agricultural modernization construction, and agriculture provides products for industry. Besides, it has answered the question of how China, a latecomer, could catch up with the world industrialization process. The exploration practice shows that the discussion on the relationship between industry and agriculture, and between urban and rural areas during the period of Chinese socialist revolution and construction, cannot be limited to the weakened agricultural development due to its financial support for industry, but should also include the enhanced agricultural development ability because of the modern production factors, and farmers’ improved living conditions for the modern daily necessities provided by industry.