Targeting cutting-edge technology and serving the major strategic needs, the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has leveraged the strengths of socialist market economy in pooling resources behind major undertakings, and promoted major breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas. Military-civilian collaborative innovation is a requirement and epitome of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide for tackling key scientific and technological problems. Akin to the traditional system for mobilizing resources nationwide, the new system has always kept pace with the times, and has developed and evolved from the period of socialist revolution and construction when the system for mobilizing resources nationwide promoted the integrated allocation and collaborative innovation of military-civilian technological resources, and the remarkable achievements made by the “Two bombs and One Satellite” project, to the period of the reform and opening up and socialist modernization when, due to military-civilian collaborative innovation, outstanding achievements in manned spaceflight were made, and steady progress was made in lunar exploration projects, laying a solid foundation for subsequent projects, and to the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics when new breakthroughs in manned spaceflight have been made, and significant achievements have been obtained in lunar exploration projects and the Beidou system as the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has been constantly improved and developed.