Based on CHNS data of China Health and Nutrition Survey, a panel binary selection model is constructed to analyze the impact of national energy subsidy policy on the energy choice of residents. The results show that energy subsidies indeed affect the energy choices of residents to a large extent, and with the same energy subsidies, subsidies for clean energy will receive better results. China should increase the intensity of the subsidy to clean energy and reduce the subsidy to fossil energy accordingly, so as to adjust the energy structure and achieve the purpose of protecting the environment.