From 2001 to 2012 yearbook and panel data model, the effects of rural labor outflow on grain production was analyzed from provincial level of the main grain sales and distribution as well as balanced areas. The research showed the following results: there are still superfluous rural labor in major grain producing areas and the balance areas, where grain production labor and grain yield was negative correlated, indicating rural labor outflow is favorable to the long-term grain production in the two areas. There are lacking rural labor in major food sales, where grain production labor and grain yield was positively correlated, indicating rural labor outflow is not conducive to the long-term grain production in major food sales areas. As for the whole country, there is still superfluous rural labor, which showed that speeding up the rural labor migration is conducive to sustainable grain development.