The research on the spatial correlation structure and effects of the logistics industry chain resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt serves as a crucial entry point for research on enhancing logistics industry chain resilience and regional coordinated development. A comprehensive evaluation system for logistics industry chain resilience was constructed, encompassing four dimensions of resistance, resilience, reconstruction capability, and renewal capability. The Topsis entropy method was employed to measure the resilience composite index, while an empirical study was conducted on the spatial correlation structure of the logistics industry chain in the Yangtze River Economic Belt using a modified gravity model combined with social network analysis. The results indicate that the spatial network structure of regional logistics industry chain resilience has gradually shifted from “multi-node dispersed development” to an “east-to-west point-axis extension” model. Overall network characteristics exhibit an upward trend, demonstrating significant spatial spillover effects, with urban development forming a “rich club” phenomenon. Spatial correlation is progressively evolving toward a networked, dense, and deepened structure. Additionally, QAP analysis reveals that the key factors influencing the spatial correlation of logistics industry chain resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt are the level of openness, the number of logistics practitioners, industrial structure, technological innovation level, human capital level, and digitalization level.