To address the limited environmental responsiveness of traditional medical dressings in controlled drug release, a pH/glucose dual-responsive drug-loaded hydrogel was developed through molecular design. Chitosan was functionalized via conjugation with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid to synthesize boronic acid-modified chitosan (CSPBA), which was subsequently chemically crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to form a hydrogel (CPP). The antibacterial agent polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) was in situ encapsulated during the crosslinking process, enabling precise drug loading. The effects of CSPBA, PVA concentration and the CSPBA/PVA mass ratio on the hydrogel’s microstructure, mechanical/rheological properties, drug release behavior, and antibacterial efficacy were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that CPP exhibited robust mechanical strength and sustained drug release capability, achieving a cumulative release rate of 75.04% after 48 h under physiological conditions (37 ℃, pH 6.5, glucose-containing medium). In vitro antibacterial assays revealed remarkable inhibition rates of 99.45% and 99.07% against?Escherichia coli?and?Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The synergistic combination of controlled drug release and potent antimicrobial activity highlights CPP’s promising potential in advanced wound management and functional biomedical applications.