Given the increasing demand for high-end quartz materials and the depletion of crystal resources, a new approach has been explored to prepare high-purity quartz sand through refining processes using vein quartz silica ore with slightly higher impurities. A mathematical model for microwave heating of quartz sand is constructed, and the heating law of quartz sand under microwave radiation is theoretically analyzed. The interaction relationship between temperature, microwave power, time and other key factors when removing gas-liquid inclusions in microwave heating technology is clarified. The results show that the heating rate of quartz sand is positively correlated with microwave power and dielectric loss tangent, while negatively correlated with the thermal conductivity of the insulation bucket. Moreover, changes in the height of the quartz layer and the inner diameter of the crucible can also cause deviations in the distribution of microwave heat sources, leading to irregular temperature changes.