The 2024 aluminum alloy with high strength and toughness was subjected to surface ceramic treatment in sulfuric acid solution of 100, 200 and 300 g/L for 60 min, respectively, and a ceramic film was generated on the surface of 2024 aluminum alloy. The microstructure, thickness, microhardness and electrochemical properties of ceramic film were studied. The results showed that with the increase of sulfuric acid mass concentration, the microhardness of ceramic film increased first and then decreased. When sulfuric acid mass concentration was 200 g/L, the microhardness of ceramic film reached the maximum, which was 273.7 HV. The thickness of ceramic film was about 60 μm, which was little affected by the concentration of sulfuric acid. With the increase of sulfuric acid mass concentration, the surface roughness Ra decreased first and then increased. When the mass concentration of sulfuric acid was 200 g/L, the surface roughness was 0.252 μm and the wear volume was 0.103 mm3, which was only about 1/5 of the wear volume of the ceramic film prepared when the mass concentration of sulfuric acid was 100 g/L. Phase analysis showed that the ceramic coating of 2024 aluminum alloy was mainly γ-Al2O3 phase. The self-corrosion potential and polarization resistance of Al2O3 ceramic film prepared with 200 g/L sulfuric acid reached the maximum, which were -0.604 V and 48 152.9 Ω, respectively. By analyzing the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of ceramic film, Al2O3 ceramic film was prepared on the surface of 2024 aluminum alloy. The optimal mass concentration of sulfuric acid was 200 g/L.