Graphene-based nanocomposite material is one of the most important materials to prepare supercapacitor electrodes. Mainstream preparation methods of both graphene/conductive polymers and graphene/metal oxide binary nanocomposites were introduced, with their features discussed. Then the structures of graphene/conductive polymers/metal oxide ternary nanocomposites were reviewed with their advantages and shortcomings by analyzing the structure characteristics of each kind of composite. In the end, research status of graphene with metal sulfide, precious metal particles and other carbon materials were briefly introduced. There exist a number of shortcomings in the current graphene-based nanocomposite materials, therefore, the focal point of research in future will be synthesizing graphene-based nanocomposite materials which could improve electrochemical performance of supercapacitors in a quick, green and economical way.