Electrode material is the main factor to determine the performance of supercapacitor, therefore, synthesizing electrode materials with specific morphology, composition and excellent performance is the key to constructing high-performance supercapacitors. Cellulose-based disordered layer graphite structure carbon aerogel was prepared from distilled grains by extraction, freeze-drying and thermal carbonization, and used as electrode materials for supercapacitor. The results revealed that at the optimal carbonization temperature of 700 ℃, the specific capacity of the synthesized cellulose carbon aerogel electrode in KOH solution with concentration of 6 mol/L and a current density of 1 A/g was 183.5 F/g. The specific capacity of 90.0 F/g was maintained at high current density of 20 A/g, indicating the excellent rate performance of the materials. The AC impedance fitting showed that the interface mass transfer resistance and diffusion resistance of the supercapacitor assembled by CA-700 were 0.2829 and 5.7210 Ω, respectively. CA-700 exhibited low mass transfer, diffusion resistance and excellent electrochemical energy storage characteristics.