In order to solve the problem of high distribution cost and carbon emission of fresh agricultural products, a cold chain logistics routing optimization model aiming at minimizing distribution cost was proposed in this paper. The carbon emission in the distribution process is converted into carbon emission cost, and the improved genetic algorithm combined with 2-opt optimization operator is used to solve the model. Through numerical simulation experiments, it is proved that although the distribution path distance with the carbon emission constraint is increased by 3.205 km, the carbon emission and distribution cost are reduced by 1.99% and 22.10%, respectively. This data proves the feasibility of the model and algorithm.