In view of an exploration of the high-quality development of logistics industry, by adopting the SBM-Undesirable model, exploratory spatial data analysis model and Malmquist-Luenberger model, the efficiency of logistics industry can be measured in 11 provinces and cities of the Yangtze River Economic Zone from 2010 to 2020, followed by an analysis of its spatial-temporal change characteristics. The results show that the overall logistics industry efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone tends to be low, with an uneven development of the logistics industry in the upper, middle and lower reaches; meanwhile the efficiency of the logistics industry in the lower reaches is high, and the efficiency of the logistics industry in the middle and upper reaches lags behind, thus leaving great room for improvement; there is a positive spatial correlation between the efficiency values of the logistics industry in each province and city in the Yangtze River Economic Zone increasing year by year; on the whole, the change of technical efficiency is an important factor affecting the change of total efficiency. Accordingly, countermeasure suggestions are proposed for an improvement of the efficiency of logistics industry in the Yangtze River Economic Zone, including promoting scientific and technological innovation, promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as strengthening regional cooperation.