The research on the rural residential environment stability has always been one of the important contents of rural construction. With Zhangguying village in Hunan Province as a case study, a principal component analysis method has been used to construct the rural residential environment stability from two dimensions of rural natural environment and social environment, including water resources, land resources, infrastructure, economic status, traffic conditions, medical and health conditions, construction facilities and safety management status, as well as 21 index factors based on the framework of impact index and AMOS software, thus establishing the structure model of the rural residential environment suitability. The results show that: the water resources and land resources in the natural environment have a positive impact on the suitability of rural residential environment, with the influence of water resources status on the suitability of residential environment higher than that of land resources; six index variables in social environment have positive effects on the suitability of rural human settlements, among which infrastructure being the greatest impact on the suitability of rural residential environment, while the impact of construction facilities and safety management the lowest one.