By using ArcGIS10.0 software and adopting the spatial analysis method, this paper analyzes the spatial pattern of traditional villages in Hunan Province with its influencing factors from multiple perspectives. The results show that the distribution of traditional villages in Hunan Province is discrete on the whole, with some exceptions of agglomerative areas; the regional distribution is unevenly concentrated in four cities, namely, Xiangxi, Chenzhou, Yongzhou and Huaihua, while sparsely distributed in other regions, mainly distributed along rivers and roads. An exploration has been made of the spatial distribution of traditional villages and their interactions based on an analysis of such natural factors as topography, elevation, slope direction, river and village accessibility, as well as human factors such as population and social economy. It is found that the altitude has the greatest impact on the distribution pattern of traditional villages. There are 188 traditional villages below 500m above sea level, which accounts for 73% of the total number of traditional villages in Hunan Province.