Investigates the energy consumption of four rural townships in eastern Hunan, and analyses their annual energy use and energy consumption through the statistical method of energy conversion into equivalent electricity. The survey and analysis indicate that: firstly, the rural townships currently use liquefied gas, firewood, electricity, charcoal and coal for living energy, and in different townships the proportion of energy consumptions is different, which mainly relevant to the local economic conditions and geographical location; Secondly, the energy consumption structure of the rural townships is closely related to residential types. The main energy consumptions of adobe residences are firewood, accounted for 72.3% of total energy consumptions; for brick residences are coal and liquefied gas, is 57.0% and 20.7% respectively; and for the reinforced concrete residences are liquefied gas and coal, is 48.3% and 31.5% respectively. Thirdly, residential energy structure gradually converts into higher grade energy. The current energy structure of rural townships was unreasonable, and it is suggested to develop energy conservation strategies and promote renewable energy application in rural townships.