Applies the food production data of China Rural Statistical Yearbooks in 1985-2008 to analyze the impact factors on the grain yield from financial investment, labor input, the total power of farm machinery, grain sown area, the effective irrigation rate and chemical fertilizers. The results show that the agricultural infrastructure and sown area of grain are the most critical factors affecting food production, their contribution rates on the grain yield reaches 41.9% and 24.63% respectively, but the sown area of grain is of no obvious correlation with grain yield, and the financial inputs, chemical fertilizers and mechanical power are of relatively small impact on grain yield, on the contrary, there is negative correlation between agricultural labor and food production. The corresponding policy recommendations are proposed based on the conclusions.